尝谓欧人长处在敢于理想。其理想所凝集,往往托诸“乌托邦”(Utopia)。柏拉图之Republic(《理想国》),培根之New Atlantis(《新亚特兰蒂斯》),穆尔(Thomas More)之Utopia(《乌托邦》),圣阿格斯丁(St.Augustine)之City of God(《上帝城》),康德之Kingdom of Ends(《论万物之终结》)及其Eternal Peace(《太平论》),皆乌托邦也。乌托邦者,理想中之郅治之国,虽不能至,心向往焉。今日科学之昌明,有远过培根梦想中之《郅治国》者,三百年间事耳。今日之民主政体虽不能如康德所期,然有非柏拉图二千四百年前所能梦及者矣。七十年前(1842年),诗人邓耐生(今译丁尼生,英国诗人)有诗云:
For I dipt into the future,far as human eye could see,
Saw the vision of the world,and all the wonder that would be;
Saw the heavens with commerce,argosies of magic sails,
Pilots of the purple twilight,dropping down with costly bales;
Heard the heavens fill with shouting,and there rain'd a ghastly dew
From the nations' airy navies grappling in the central blue;
Far along the world wide whisper of the south wind rushing warm,
With the standards of the peoples plunging through' the thunderstorm;
Till the war drum throbb'd no longer,and the battle flags were furl'd
In the Parliament of man,the Federation of the world.
Locksley Hall
[译文]
吾曾探究未来,凭眼极力远眺,
望见世界之远景,望见将会出现之种种奇迹;
看到空中贸易不断,玄妙之航队穿梭往来,
驾紫色暮霭之飞行者纷纷降落,携带昂贵之货品;
听到天上充满呐喊声,交战各国之舰队在蓝天中央厮杀,
降下一阵可怖之露水;
同时,在遍及全世界之和煦南风奏响之飒飒声中,
在雷电之轰鸣声中,各民族之军旗勇往直前;
直到鸣金收兵,直到战旗息偃,
息偃在全人类之议会里,在全世界之联邦里。
《洛克斯利田庄》
在当时句句皆梦想也。而七十年来,前数句皆成真境,独末二语未验耳。然吾人又安知其果不能见诸实际乎?
天下无不可为之事,无不可见诸实际之理想。电信也,电车也,汽机也,无线电也,空中飞行也,海底战斗也,皆数十年梦想所不及者也,今都成实事矣。理想家念此可以兴矣。
吾国先秦诸子皆有乌托邦:老子、庄子、列子皆悬想一郅治之国;孔子之小康大同,尤为卓绝古今。汉儒以还,思想滞塞,无敢作乌托邦之想者,而一国之思想遂以不进。吾之以乌托邦之多寡,卜思想之盛衰,有以也夫!
摘自胡适1916年3月8日留美日记